Bloody Urine (Again)

I found out that I had bloody urine last night. I had a dinner of a little white rice with salted eggs and duck. No sweet potatoes. Not much fruits. And I saw I had reddish urine one or two hours later.

Later, I became very thirsty and drinking water won't help. So I eat three tangerines and I felt better and more hydrated. Before sleep, I had a banana.

I tried to eat duck at that time, but the duck tasted too salty. Even during tasting it, I immediately felt the sensation that I have to urinate. I also felt pain in my kidneys a little.

But during sleep, I had a few seizure-like symptoms. When I started to fell asleep, my body suddenly starts shaking for one or two seconds and my heart starts racing. Then I woke up. This happened a few times. But it got better within a few hours.

I had those seizure-like symptoms a few times before in China, so I'm not worried.

Perhaps I ate less fruits during the day? Indeed, I didn't any many fruits, because I had gone out shopping. Perhaps because I ate a lunch which contained too little protein and fructose and too much starch? So it may be because I had hypoglycemia due to too little protein and fructose to stimulate glucagon. I indeed became very shaky and tense two hours after dinner.

Lunch was a regular lunch with a normal amount of salt and stuff. I didn't feel the need to urinate even though it contained a normal amount of salt. Dinner was again a normal amount of salt but without sweet potatoes and fruit, and just white rice. So perhaps I should replace white rice with sweet potatoes so I will feel better.

I feel better with a diet lower in glucose, and higher in protein and fructose. That reduces my urination. So I'm sticking with this.

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How to End Procrastion Rant

You know, it's difficult to do productive work when you're feeling ill and painful. It's like having constant pain, but trying to focus on doing work, rather than letting the pain distract you. If you try not to focus on the pain, the pain will creep behind you. Trying to get haunt you. Trying to nag you. Trying to get your attention, rather than paying attention to the work itself.

It's difficult to do work, efficiently and effectively. If your work is a tedious and laborious job, and you know that you will be rewarded after, then you probably will do it. It's risk free.

But things are not the same if you do open-ended tasks. Tasks which involve creativity. Tasks which involve randomness, ingenuity, and preservation. Tasks without a deadline, which can be completed in any time, depending how creative you are. How determined you are. And how passionate you are.

These open-ended tasks are a difficult challenge. They are so difficult to complete when you're stressed. In fact, a researcher named Chris Masterjohn has explored this kind of procrastination. He had seen rats which are stressed. Stressed rats have a difficult time exploring new things. Stressed rats will stay in their cage.

In addition, there's another thing called "time preference." Time preference is how you prioritize getting rewards sooner rather than later. If you have "low time preference", you like to postpone rewards into the future. If you have "high time preference", however, you like to receive immediate short-term rewards. So if you're investing, then it's good to have a low time-preference, since you sacrifice short-term pain for long-term pleasure.

Stressed rats have a higher time preference. So they have a tendency to procrastinate and receive instant gratification, rather than work and delaying their gratification.

Another researcher named Ray Peat has also explored this phenomenon. He showed studies in which serotonin causes rats to hide rather than explore. This is known as "learned helplessness."

Personally, I procrastinate a lot. As you have seen, I write in my blog that I don't feel well a lot of times. But still I post nonsensical comments on other people's blogs. Why do I do that? This is because I check my email, read my newsfeeds, and check my read the news EVERY FIVE MINUTES. Yes, every five minutes, I do this rather than working. So this is a major distraction from my work.

Why do I do that? I do that I don't feel well at that time, and don't expect to feel well in the future. I sometimes remain very thirsty, but drinking water will not help, because I just urinate it all out. But eating fruit while drinking water sometimes help to keep me hydrated, for some reason.

Coupled with the pain of doing the work, along with the thirst that I expect to feel while doing that work, I somehow "predicted" that I will experience both of these pains during the entire duration of my work. I added up the pain from doing work, and the pain from experiencing thirsty while doing the work. As I evaluated the "sum" of those pains, it came out horrible. I just cannot imagine the thought of doing work while remaining thirsty for the whole time. So then my brain tells me that it's "not worth it" to experience that large amount of pain while doing the work. So I gave up and did some short-term gratification like reading my newsfeeds, rather than working.

So I must figure out that the only way to restrict procrastination is to convince myself that I will not experience any additional stressors for the whole time while working. The only way to convince myself that this will be the case is if I can figure out a method to keep me feeling hydrated rather than frequently feeling thirsty. So then I will not give up working because I know that the only pain is working and there will not be additional pain of thirtiness while working.

Other stressors include muscle cramps, shakiness two hours after meals, and feeling tense two hours after meals. I improved it by eating less starch during my meals, and by eating fruits when I feel these sensations of shakiness. I still will work on it and see if there's a solution...

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Some Personal Observations

You may get bored of reading my personal rants, but let me post a few personal observations.

I used to have trouble getting out of bed. Now, I get out of bed easily, and have a big appetite. Maybe it's because the weather is getting cooler here, so I'm functioning better. I don't know.

I tend to have kidney pain if I ate too much salt with my meals. But eating more potatoes and vegetables curbs my kidney pain. Is it the potassium that lets my kidneys to function better? I don't know.

I noticed that at exactly two and a half hours after dinner, I suddenly have the urge to urinate. I do urinate more after dinner, but the rate of urination suddenly increases at exactly two and a half hours later. Is it caused by hypoglycemia two and a half hours after dinner? I don't know. But what I do know is that hypoglycemia increases cortisol. And high cortisol causes sodium retention and potassium excretion. Is cortisol causing me to excrete too much potassium at that time? Does that explain my increased urination? I don't know.

After two and a half hours of dinner, I get really thirsty. Drinking more water doesn't help, because I realized that I would just urinate it all out. So drinking more water at that time will be detrimental, and possibly dangerous because of water poisoning. In fact, that was EXACTLY the same thing that I did before I went to the emergency room for water poisoning. Enough said.

At those times, I have tried to eat a salty meal along with water, but that doesn't help. It caused my kidney pain, several times. In fact, I was shocked to found out that I suddenly urinated out all my water, and my urine had a tinge of redness. That happened two days ago.

Will orange juice help? Never tried it at that time. I will try to buy orange juice and see. Coconut water is another possibility.

I would like to thank Hans at Beyond Paleo for mentioning a study that a potassium deficiency will induce urination. Orange juice has potassium, so I will experiment with that.

It would be REALLY interesting if I can get a blood glucose meter. I would like to see if it's really insulin resistance.

Finally, I found grass-fed beef in China! Then I realized that many of the cows in China are fed grass rather than corn, because corn isn't subsidized in China as in the United States.

In China, pork is the predominant type of meat. Pork is so popular here that "meat" and "pork" are almost synonyms. If you say "meat", then the they will immediately think you want pork. So it's harder to find beef here in China. In many places which sell pork, no one would sell beef.

People are so fearful of fats that they cut out all of the fat, and throw them out. But that's good news, because I probably can get fatty beef for free!

I can speak Chinese, but I can't read it well. So it will be difficult for me to travel and buy the things that I want.

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Ruining My Kidneys

Yesterday, and the day before yesterday, I think I ate a lot of salt, because I craved it and felt bad. But once I ate some fruits and vegetables, my salt craving was gone. This does NOT mean that I should restrict my salt intake. I don't want to experience what I had done in the past.

Another thing is that I ate salty meals before I go to bed. That helps me from getting up and urinating at night. So it reduces my urination to some extent.

But in the back of my mind, I always had an idea that something is wrong with this. If I ate a salty meal before bed, then my back near the kidneys hurt. I would also see a tint of redness in my urine. This is unlike the dark yellow color of urine when I'm dehydrated. So a salty meal before bedtime may be damaging my kidneys.

Therefore, I will try to eat a little less salt. But this will cause me to urinate more at night. It's a catch-22.

The only safe solution is to restrict my starch intake, so I wouldn't urinate too much.

Ever since I moved to China, I was "coerced" to up my starch intake. This isn't because I don't have the money—I have the money. This is because I can't find any fat in the farmers' market or in the grocery store. Maybe I hadn't looked enough.

Maybe because I have social anxiety, and I just don't want to search for more places to buy fatty foods. (I have mild social anxiety. But this isn't an excuse for me not to go out and ask strangers to buy stuff. I know I should interact with strangers more, so I can expose myself and get used to it. But I don't know how to start. My whole family doesn't want me to go outside without their guidance because they're worried that I will get lost or can't find my way. (Or maybe I'm rationalizing! Am I using my controlling grandparents as an excuse not to interact with strangers??? After all, they don't have absolute "control" over me. Not as much as my mom.))

I can shop online, but, sadly, I don't have a bank account. I can tell my mom to buy stuff, but I must get her permission.

On average, I eat about 400 grams of carbohydrates daily. This was more than what I ate before I had moved to China.

I will now try to replace some of my carbohydrate intake with fat. I'm trying to reduce my carbohydrate intake to 200-250 grams initially, and up it as I heal.

Yes, I found that my kidneys don't hurt if I ate a fatty meal.

It's proven that fatty acids are stored in fat tissue. But the half-life of PUFAs is two years. So I must be careful, as a priority, during this healing process so I will not damage anything while doing it.

I know my writing sounds like it's written by a third-grader (no offense to third-graders), but my style of writing depends on my mood. When I don't feel well, I don't write well. Enough said.

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Butter/Ghee vs Coconut Oil vs Tallow (Rambling)

Butter/Ghee is more nutritious than coconut oil. They contain fat-soluble vitamins, conjugated linoleic acid, gamma linolenic acid, dihomo-gamma linolenic acid, arachiadonic acid, DHA and EPA. But coconut oil contains only its precursors - linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid. So coconut oil is less nutritious in terms of fat-soluble vitamins and fatty acids.

Despite this, coconut oil has an advantage in terms of the antiviral, antimicrobial, and antifungal properties of its lauric acid content. In addition, its short and medium-chain triglycerides helps speed up the metabolism by the means of competitive inhibition of the polyunsaturated free fatty acids.

When it comes to total PUFA content, they make little difference. Butter/Ghee is 4% PUFA, while coconut oil is 2% PUFA. Since the PUFAs are spatially separated, they can't do much in terms of oxidizability (Ray Peat hypothesized this in his coconut oil article).

Grass-fed tallow has a nutritional profile similar to butter. It also has a similar fatty acid profile to butter - about 67% saturated, and 30% monounsaturated.

One misconception is that the cholesterol in butter and tallow will be oxidized during cooking. However, it's untrue because the more stable saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids will protect the cholesterol from being oxidized. So enjoy your butter/ghee and tallow!

One concern is that butter and tallow has a monounsaturated content of 30%, which is higher than coconut oil - which only 6% are MUFAs. MUFAs are less stable than saturated fats, so they will cause more oxidative stress. But I don't know how stable monounsaturated fatty acids are, so I can't give your any opinion.

But the big picture is that coconut oil, tallow, and butter are excellent cooking oils that comparing them makes so little difference when compared to the toxic polyunsaturated oils (which I'm currently consuming "in average quantities").

Butter (grass-fed) is the most expensive, at $6 per pound. Coconut oil is the second most expensive, at $2-3 per pound. But tallow is the cheapest by far - I heard that you can even get it for free in some places where the demand for animal fat is low.

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Saturated Fats are Good (Warning: Low Quality Post)

It's pretty much common sense that we can synthesize saturated fats from starch. But that doesn't mean that we shouldn't have adequate intake of saturated fat from the foods we eat.

We need saturated fats to properly absorb fat-soluble vitamins. For instance, it's important to eat foods high in beta carotene with a saturated fat. Saturated fat is required for your body to convert the beta carotene into vitamin A.

Saturated fats are essential for the absorption of essential fatty aids. Consumption of foods high in essential fatty acids should be paired with a saturated fat. For example, there are fish-eating cultures in which people eat their fish with a saturated fat source such as coconut oil or lard. In this way, the essential fatty acids will be properly utilized as saturated fats protect against the peroxidation of essential fatty acids within our body.

In addition, saturated fats help protect against the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. So saturated fats are the ideal for cooking, as they don't oxidize at high temperatures, as olive oil will do.

Saturated fats can also protect your liver against toxins such as alcohol and polyunsaturated fatty acids. They do this by pretecting the peroxidation of PUFAs within your body. In the liver, saturated fats help to reduce liver disease by protecting against their peroxidation. In fact, it's important to eat a saturated fat when you drink alcohol to reduce liver damage.

Besides reducing your oxidative stress, saturated fats can also protect you against chemical toxins, such as industrial pollutants and heavy metals. They help reduce the absorption of those toxins within your digestive tract.

The short- and medium-chain fatty acids have mitochondria-stimulating functions. They can speed up your metabolism.

The lauric acid found in coconut oil have antimicrobial and antifungal properties which can boost the immune system.

Those are some reasons why saturated fat consumption is needed, despite that we can synthesize saturated fat from starch. So you should consume at least some saturated fat if you are eating a very-low fat diet. The saturated fat in you coconut oil or tallow that you use to cook your food with is enough. So my comment may be a waste of time for those who are on a very-low fat diet already using coconut oil or lard for cooking.

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Skin Whitening Products: Mental and Physical Degeneration

The use of some skin whitening creams, unusually popular amongst Asian women, ^{[1] [2]} has detrimental effects toward IQ. Skin whitening products, often contain toxic chemicals that affect the nervous system such as hydroquinone or mercury as the active ingredient. ^{[3] [4] [5] [6] [7]} A major portion skin whitening products, especially popular sold in stores around Asia, have been criticized by many, such as the FDA, for the presence of these toxic chemicals. ^{[8] [9] [10]}

When applied, mercury and hydroquinone absorbs through the skin into bloodstream. Studies shown that an increase in 100 micrograms of mercury in blood decreases IQ by an average of 14 points in children. The effects of mercury poisoning and hydroquinone poisoning have produced mental and physical disorders, such as autism, low verbal IQ, and low social intelligence, caused by the use of mercury-containing and hydroquinone-containing cosmetic products, including skin-whitening products. ^{[11] [12] [13] [14]} Thus, the IQs tested from Asians, might not measure their "potential" IQs because of mercury and hydroquinone poisoning from skin whitening products. The use of skin whitening products is especially popular in Hong Kong, ^[15] which is the nation with the highest average IQ (the average IQ is 107).^[16] However, a majority of products sold there are cited by Hong Kong officials to contain mercury as its active ingredient, often a whopping 27,000 to 60,000 times the "acceptable" dose. ^[15] Skin whitening products, which a majority sold in Asian nations contain mercury or hydroquinone, are also very harmful to the brain development of fetuses in pregnant women. ^{[17] [18] [19] [20] [21]}

Besides the effects on the brain, skin whiteners generally contain carcinogens, cause kidney failure and even death.^[7]

Effects of skin whiteners can be evidenced by the strong autism rate in Japan, occurring approximately 2 out of 100 births. ^[22] Some research has suggested that exposure to mercury can cause autism in fetuses and children. ^{[12] [23]} Therefore, studies have suggested that topical Hg-based skin creams, such as skin whiteners and infant teething powders, can cause autism due to its mercury content. ^{[12] [24]}

Effects of skin whiteners can also be evidenced by studies that found relatively low verbal IQ scores of Japanese children, compared to their high spatial IQ. (Lynn, 2006, pp. 121-148) Since mercury lowers verbal IQ, ^[12] the comparatively low verbal IQ of Japanese people might be caused by skin whiteners (the verbal IQ of Japanese is 101.4, still slightly higher than white average of 100^[25]). Also the high Autism Spectrum Quotient of Japanese people might also be caused by skin whitening products. ^[26]

References

1. ^ In a survey, 28% of Koreans and 50% of Philippians say that they use skin whitening products. Skin lightening in Asia? A bright future?, http://www.synovate.com/knowledge/infact/issues/200406/ 


2. ^ "Glamour at a price in Asia". http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/05/01/news/skin.php. 



3. ^ Counter, S. Allen (Dec 16, 2003), Whitening skin can be deadly, The Boston Globe, http://www.boston.com/news/globe/health_science/articles/2003/12/16/whitening_skin_can_be_deadly/ 


4. ^ Heyward, Georgia (Feb 5, 2005), New York City Warns: Some Skin Creams Are Poisonous, The Epoch Times, http://en.epochtimes.com/news/5-2-5/26302.html 


5. ^ Mercury in Cosmetic Skin Whitening Creams, http://www.hgtech.com/Data/Other/Hg%20Cream.htm 



6. ^ "The Emerging Skin-Whitening Industry". http://www.counterpunch.org/mire07282005.html. 


7. ^ ^{a b} "Self-hatred leads to skin bleaching". http://www.thestatesmanonline.com/pages/news_detail.php?section=7&newsid=3866. 



8. ^ FDA Proposes Hydroquinone Ban, http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=64167  FDA bans hydroquinone in skin whitening products


9. ^ Skin-lightening creams face FDA ban: Dermatologists defend treatment, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4155/is_20070128/ai_n17159064  FDA bans hydroquinone in skin whitening products


10. ^ Nyc Health Dept. Warns Against Use Of "Skin-Lightening" Creams Containing Mercury Or Similar Products Which Do Not List Ingredients, Jan 27, 2005, http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/html/pr/pr008-05.shtml 



11. ^ Skin Lightening, http://www.cosmeticscop.com/learn/article.asp?PAGETYPE=ART&REFER=SKIN&ID=25  Article that links skin whitening products to mercury and hydroquinone


12. ^ ^{a b c d} Countera, S. Allen; Leo H. Buchanan. Mercury exposure in children: a review. http://www.state.nj.us/health/eoh/cehsweb/kiddiekollege/documents/counter04_mercuryexpochildren.pdf. 



13. ^ Clarkson; Thomas, Magos, Laszlo. The Toxicology of Mercury and Its Chemical Compounds. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/tandf/btxc/2006/00000036/00000008/art00001?crawler=true. 


14. ^ Mahaffey, Kathryn R., Dynamics of Mercury Pollution on Regional and Global Scales, http://www.springerlink.com/content/w245027uu23r4381/ 


15. ^ ^{a b} Bray, Marianne, SKIN DEEP: Dying to be white, CNN, http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/east/05/13/asia.whitening/ 



16. ^ Lynn, R. and Vanhanen, T. (2002). IQ and the wealth of nations. Westport, CT: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-97510-X


17. ^ Asian Skin Tanning Article, http://www.chinatownconnection.com/asian_skin_tanning.htm  An argument that links skin whitening products to the development of the brain of a fetus of pregnant Asian women, both mercury and hydroquinone. Therefore it is not WP:SYN


18. ^ Mercury Fact Sheet, http://www.zeromercury.org/fact_sheet/index.htm  Another argument that links skin whitening products to the development of the brain of a fetus of pregnant Asian women. Therefore it is not WP:SYN



19. ^ Does Low Mercury Containing In-Lightening Cream (Fair & Lovely) Effect The Kidney, Liver, And Brain Of Female Mice?, http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a713930964~db=all  Another argument that links skin whitening products to the development of the brain of a fetus of pregnant Asian women, both mercury and hydroquinone. Therefore it is not WP:SYN


20. ^ Yang MG, Krawford KS, Garcia JD, Wang JH, Lei KY (1972). "Deposition of mercury in fetal and maternal brain". Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 141 (3): 1004-7. PMID 4645746. 



21. ^ Shafiq-ur-Rehman, Rehman S, Chandra O, Abdulla M (1995). "Evaluation of malondialdehyde as an index of lead damage in rat brain homogenates". Biometals 8 (4): 275-9. PMID 7580048. 


22. ^ Honda H, Shimizu Y, Misumi K, Niimi M, Ohashi Y (1996). "Cumulative incidence and prevalence of childhood autism in children in Japan". The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science 169 (2): 228-35. PMID 8871801. 



23. ^ Nelson, Karin B.; Margaret L. Bauman. Thimerosal and Autism?. doi:10.1542/peds.111.3.674. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/reprint/111/3/674. 


24. ^ Zahir, Farhana. Low dose mercury toxicity and human health. doi:10.1016/j.etap.2005.03.007. 



25. ^ Lynn, R. (2006). Race differences in intelligence: An evolutionary analysis. Augusta: Washington Summit Publishers.


26. ^ Wakabayashi A, Tojo Y, Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S (2004). "The Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) Japanese version: evidence from high-functioning clinical group and normal adults" (in Japanese). Shinrigaku kenkyu : The Japanese journal of psychology 75 (1): 78-84. PMID 15724518. 

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Why are Asian People Short?

East Asian people, who appear to be stereotypically shorter, have been increasing their average height relatively quickly through dietary improvements, as seen in nations such as South Korea and the People's Republic of China. ^{[1] [2][3] [4] [5]} Cultural influences, such as malnutrition and differences in diet, still prevalent in developing nations such as North Korea and the People's Republic of China, decrease the overall Asian growth rate. ^{[6] [7] [8]}

The short stature of East Asians may be contributed by micronutrient deficiency in developing nations or even consuming Asian diets in developed Western nations. These kind of malnutrition ^[9] such as low calcium intake partially due to lactose intolerance in 90% of their adult population, ^{[10] [11] [12][13]} limited consumption of protein, calories,^{[14] [15]}iron,^[16][17][18] vitamin A,^[19] reduced vitamin D, partially from their nutrition; and also from their darker skin that synthesize vitamin D at a slower rate than whites, ^[20][21] iodine, ^{[22] [23] [24] [25] [26][27]} amongst many other nutritional deficiencies. Other factors, such as the consumption of large quantities of soy products which contains isoflavone may reduce growth rate.^{[28] [29]} zinc,^[30][31] amongst many other nutritional deficiencies. Other factors, such as the consumption of large quantities of soy products which contains isoflavone may reduce growth rate.^{[32][33][34][35][36] [37]} Schools in The PRC is giving students soy milk. ^[38] Also, the Asian diet does not promote as much testosterone as Western diets do. ^[39] Consumption of white rice, the most popular staple food amongst Asians, and refined noddles and bread, can lead to micronutrient deficiency. ^[40] The consumption of white rice instead of whole grains, can also instigate a sudden increase of insulin production, which causes hormone imbalance and reduces growth hormones. ^[40]

Other factors such as their culture that devalues exercise ^[41][42] and calorie deficiency, and the Great Leap Forward that plausibly created famines, stunted the growth of many Chinese people. Fluoride poisoning and other environmental conditions, which have affects including growth stunting, and affect millions of East Asians. ^{[43] [44] [45] [46]}

East Asian cultures value white skin. ^[47] Many of the Asians often avoid participating in sports to avoid being tanned. ^[48] Therefore, they will not grow tall due to the lack of exercise and vitamin D defiency from avoiding the sun. ^{[49] [41]} Skin whiteners, which are unusually popular amongst Asians, contain toxic chemicals such as mercury or hydroquinone as the active ingredient, stunts growth of Asians including fetuses in pregnant women. ^[50][51]

Lactose intolerance only affects 2% of Swedish and 5% of Northern European adults and whites have the highest vitamin D intake. Thus, studies hypothesized that this might be an explanation for their relatively tall height.^{[52] [53][54][55]}

References

1. ^ "By the time the baby boomers reached adulthood in the 1960s, most northern and western European countries had caught up with and surpassed the United States. Young adults in Japan and other prosperous Asian countries now stand nearly as tall as Americans do." American diet may explain height


2. ^ "Calcium deficiencies is also very common, and is thought to be one of the reason for shorter stature of some Asian populations, such as Vietnam and Laos compared to their counterparts in other Asian countries such as Singapore and Taiwan."


3. ^ Human nutrition in the developing world, http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/W0073e/w0073e00.htm 


4. ^ Effects of famine: Short stature evident in North Korean generation (2004) The Seattle Times


5. ^ North Korea is failing to meet growth target (2004) Guardian Unlimited


6. ^ Jiang Y (2006). "Effect of B vitamins-fortified foods on primary school children in Beijing". Asia Pac J Public Health 18 (2): 21-5. PMID 16883966. 


7. ^ Asians, Diet of


8. ^ Kaiser, Ann P.. The Effects of Poverty on Parenting Young Children. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0161-956X(1996)71%3A4%3C66%3ATEOPOP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-%23. 


9. ^ Jiang Y (2006). "Effect of B vitamins-fortified foods on primary school children in Beijing". Asia Pac J Public Health 18 (2): 21-5. PMID 16883966. 


10. ^ Kerry, A. Jackson, Lactose Maldigestion, Calcium Intake and Osteoporosis in African-, Asian-, and Hispanic-Americans, http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/abstract/130/2/272S 


11. ^ Wang YG, Yan YS, Xu JJ, et al (1984). "Prevalence of primary adult lactose malabsorption in three populations of northern China". Hum. Genet. 67 (1): 103-6. PMID 6235167. 


12. ^ Enattah N, Sahi T, Savilahti E, Terwilliger J, Peltonen L, Järvelä I (2002). "Identification of a variant associated with adult-type hypolactasia". Nat Genet 30 (2): 233-7. PMID 11788828. 


13. ^ Lactose Intolerance: The Molecular Explanation, UC Davis Nutritional Genomics website


14. ^ Energy Balance: Interpretation of Data from Rural China, http://www.news.cornell.edu/releases/Nov98/thermogenesis_paper.html 


15. ^ Position of the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada: Vegetarian diets, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3961/is_200307/ai_n9239758/pg_6 


16. ^ Zhu Y, Liao Q (2004). "Prevalence of iron deficiency in children aged 7 months to 7 years in China". Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi 42 (12): 886-91. PMID 15733354. 


17. ^ Yang F, Ma A, Zhang X, Jiang D (2006). "Status of vitamin A, vitamin B2, iron and an-oxidantive activity in anemic pregnant women in China". Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 35 (3): 320-2. PMID 16921759. 


18. ^ Georgieff M (2007). "Nutrition and the developing brain: nutrient priorities and measurement". Am J Clin Nutr 85 (2): 614S-620S. PMID 17284765. 


19. ^ Jiang J, Toschke A, von Kries R, Koletzko B, Lin L (2006). "Vitamin A status among children in China". Public Health Nutr 9 (8): 955-60. PMID 17125556. 


20. ^ Vitamin D supplements for Asian kids, say researchers. Nutraingredients.com, Europe: Health Condition News, August 31 2006


21. ^ Asian Children Should Receive Vitamin D Supplements For Two Years From Birth, Medical News Today, September 1 2006


22. ^ Consensus statement on iodine deficiency disorders in Hong Kong. http://www.hkmj.org/article_pdfs/hkm0312p446.pdf. 


23. ^ Mild iodine deficiency and thyroid disorders in Hong Kong, http://www.hkmj.org/article_pdfs/hkm0112p414.pdf 


24. ^ Heywood P, Marks G (1993). "Nutrition and health in South-East Asia". Med J Aust 159 (2): 133-7. PMID 8336591. 


25. ^ DONALD, McNEIL (December 16), "In Raising the World’s I.Q., the Secret’s in the Salt", The New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/16/health/16iodine.html?ex=1177992000&en=f46e244ab67df1d0&ei=5070 


26. ^ Seshadri S. "Prevalence of micronutrient deficiency particularly of iron, zinc and folic acid in pregnant women in South East Asia". Br J Nutr 85 Suppl 2: S87-92. PMID 11509095. 


27. ^ Chen X, Wang W, Yan H, Yin T, Xu Q. "Studies on iron deficiency anemia, rickets and zinc deficiency and their prevention among Chinese preschool children". Prog Food Nutr Sci 16 (4): 263-77. PMID 1492154. 


28. ^ Fritz W, Wang J, Eltoum I, Lamartiniere C (2002). "Dietary genistein down-regulates androgen and estrogen receptor expression in the rat prostate". Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 186 (1): 89-99. PMID 11850125. 


29. ^ Vitamin D Intake: A Global Perspective of Current Status. http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/135/2/310. 


30. ^ Seshadri S. "Prevalence of micronutrient deficiency particularly of iron, zinc and folic acid in pregnant women in South East Asia". Br J Nutr 85 Suppl 2: S87-92. PMID 11509095. 


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